Black pepper, scientifically known as Piper nigrum, is one of the most widely used and traded spices in the world. Native to South India, black pepper is produced from the dried berries of the pepper plant, which is a climbing vine cultivated in tropical regions. These berries, also known as peppercorns, are harvested at varying stages of ripeness to produce different types of pepper, with black pepper being the most common.

Black pepper owes its pungent flavor and aroma to the presence of piperine, a compound responsible for its characteristic spiciness. The flavor profile of black pepper is complex, featuring notes of heat, earthiness, and subtle floral undertones. It is valued not only for its culinary versatility but also for its medicinal properties.